The Science Behind Autumn Leaves Changing Color Explained!

Autumn is known for transforming deciduous trees into magnificent displays of red, yellow, and orange leaves. Unlike evergreens which can endure cold climates because of their foliage’s thick wax coating and the freeze resistant substance within allowing them to hold onto their leaves, deciduous trees have their own way of adjusting to changes in climate.  The leaves of a deciduous tree changes color and eventually falls off, but there is more happening than a change in appearance.  To understand the science behind the change in color of autumn trees, it is important to take a look inside the leaves of a deciduous tree.

The colors of red, yellow, and orange in the leaves of deciduous trees are the result of organic pigments known as carotenoids and anthocyanins.  Carotenoids, a pigment present in the chloroplasts within the cells of leaves, results in the yellow, orange, and even brown shades.  Anthocyanins are produced through exposure to bright light and excess plant sugars in the leaves and they are responsible for the various tones of red in a leaf. During the spring and summer, chlorophyll, which is found in every plant, masks these other pigments with its green color.  Chlorophyll is an important part of photosynthesis, a chemical reaction in the plant that converts energy from sunlight into chemical energy and is essential for plant life.

In autumn, when the nights tend to become longer and colder, deciduous trees senses this change and begin to prepare for the upcoming winter by slowing down and eventually stopping the production of chlorophyll in it's leaves. The absence of chlorophyll exposes the carotenoids and anthocyanins, making the autumn colors of the other pigments visible!  When the chlorophyll is all gone, the tree is able to rid itself of its leaves. This is important because otherwise the leaves would freeze and the tree would not survive.

The changing colors and dropping of the deciduous tree's leaves is key to it making it through the winter.  Without chlorophyll to hide the other pigments, the traditional autumn colors of red, yellow, and orange can be easily seen.  This change in color is not only a beautiful sight, but also a process that has more to it than meets the eye!

Attracting Pollinators to Your Garden!

by Pacific Vista Landscape Services

Photo by Kristina Lawrence

Three-fourths of the world’s flowering plants and about 35 percent of the world’s food crops depend on pollinators to reproduce. It is estimated that one out of every three bites of food we eat exists because of animal pollinators like bees, butterflies and moths, birds and bats, and beetles and other insects.

During a flower visit, a pollinator may brush against the flower’s reproductive parts, unknowingly depositing pollen from a different flower. The plant then uses the pollen to produce a fruit or seed. Many plants cannot reproduce without pollen carried to them by foraging pollinators so it is a vital part of agriculture.

Planting flowers in your garden can not only provide beauty, but can also be a veritable smorgasbord for pollinators as they prefer a blooming buffet of nectar rich flowers.  There are many to choose from that are heat and drought tolerant, fast growing and colorful.  Many bloom all year long here in Southern California!

Photo by Shannon Palmer

The serenity of sitting on your porch, or peering out your window and seeing the fluttering creatures enjoying your garden cannot be underestimated.  Suddenly your yard looks like the illustration from your favorite picture book! 

Choosing what flowers you plant can actually help create an ecosystem in your own yard. At Pacific Vista Landscape Services, we are experts on all types of flowers and adding color to your garden. We are dedicated to maintaining the beauty and value of your landscape!  

Some of the best flowering plants to attract pollinators for Southern California can be found here: http://www.sunset.com/garden/flowers-plants/plants-pollination/view-all

The Cherry Trees in Washington D.C.

Washington Monument & Cherry trees
Photo courtesy of Nation Park Service

by Pacific Vista Landscape Services

It is that time of year again when thousands of bare cherry blossom trees awaken from their cold slumber in Washington DC and dawn their colorful flowers. Once dormant and colorless, the cherry blossom trees begin to sprout millions of pink and white flowers that dazzle West Potomac Park, Hains Point, and the Washington Memorial in vibrant colors. During this time, 1.5 million people travel to Washington DC to attend the Cherry Blossom Festival and admire the gorgeous scenery.

Time for a quick history lesson! Let’s go back a century to when the cherry blossom trees first came to the U.S. In 1910, 2,000 trees were sent to Washington DC as a gift from Japan. Unfortunately upon arrival, the Department of Agriculture discovered that the trees were diseased and had to be destroyed as soon as possible. Two years later, Japan sent 3,000 healthy cherry blossom trees to make up for the previously diseased ones. This beautiful gift contained a variety of different cherry

Cherry tree inspection
photo courtesy of U.S.National Arboretum

blossoms, such as somei-yoshino and jonioi cherry blossoms. The first two trees were planted on the north bank of the Tidal Basin in West Potomac Park. First Lady Helen Herron Taft and Viscountess Chinda, the wife of the Japanese ambassador, had the honor of planting these two trees. Workmen then continued to plant the remainder of the trees, which would provide a breath taking sight for years to come.

To remember Japan’s gift to the U.S., the tree planting ceremony was re-enacted by Washington school children in 1927. Celebration and admiration of the gorgeous cherry blossom trees did not stop there; in 1935 the first “Cherry Blossom Festival” was held and sponsored by numerous civic groups. This festival would occur annually, and soon grow from days to weeks. Not only did the Cherry Blossom Festival grow, but so did the relationship between Japan and the U.S. Over the years, gifts have continued to be exchanged between the two countries. Examples of such gifts include when the U.S. gave Japan flowering dogwood trees, as well as cuttings from the cherry blossom trees originally gifted in order to replace trees Japan had lost in a flood. In 1965, the U.S. received 3,800 Yoshino cherry blossom trees from Japan, which would be planted on the grounds of the Washington Monument.

If you happen to be one of the millions of tourists that go to Washington DC each year to see the Cherry Blossom Festival, take a minute to remember what significance the cherry blossom trees hold. Not only are they beautiful, delicate, and extraordinary, they are a symbol of the friendship between the U.S. and Japan.

Sources:

            http://www.nps.gov/cherry/cherry-blossom-history.htm

            http://www.nationalcherryblossomfestival.org/about/history/